An approximately 5000-year cycle defined by an ancient Mayan calendar will end in the year 2012. To some people, the end of this cycle translates to Doomsday or the end of the world and humanity. The History Channel has perpetuated this idea by airing various programs such as Decoding the Past: Mayan Doomsday Prophecy, 2012, End of Days, The Last Days on Earth, Seven Signs of the Apocalypse, and Nostradamus 2012.
And just last year, the Discovery Channel showed 2012 Apocalypse, which investigated several scientific bases for the possibility that super volcanoes, solar storms, earthquakes, or other cataclysmic natural events might occur in the year 2012.
Cycles of Time
Ironically, both the catastrophic predictions and their possible scientific explanations are based on cycles. The Mayan calendar, or any other calendar, is simply a device that defines some time period or cycle. Most calendars define the time for the moon to revolve around the earth (1 month) or for the earth to revolve around the sun (1 year) as the basic cycle. Many people celebrate the end of each past year and the beginning of each new year depending on which calendar they use.
Regarding the Mayan calendar, celebrating the end of one 5000-year cycle and the beginning of another would seem to be more appropriate than predicting the end of the world. In fact, cycles are the epitome of continuity, progression, rebirth, new hope, and even eternity or infinity. So why all the hype about the end of the world?
Natural Cycles
As it happens, scientists have identified certain natural cycles that threaten the world and humanity as we know it. The cyclical behavior of sunspots, comets and asteroids orbiting the sun, mega-volcanoes, earthquakes, and other natural phenomena could produce doomsday scenarios. But is it likely that one of these events will occur in the year 2012?
Consider an ancient mega-volcano that today is actually known as Yellowstone National Park in the state of Wyoming, USA. There are several other mega-volcanoes in the world and the last time one erupted was about 74,000 years ago at Toba, Indonesia. It was pretty bad, but obviously didn't end the world. Scientific evidence suggests that the Yellowstone mega volcano has erupted approximately every 600,000 years on the average. The last time it erupted was about 640,000 years ago so it's apparently due to erupt again. But in 2012; who can say?
Similarly, the natural cycles for solar activity, astronomical bodies, earthquakes, and other potential disasters occur on such huge geological time scales that predicting when they will actually take place is difficult.
Other Possibilities for 2012
Global Temperature
If we must focus on 2012, what's the most likely and predictable event that could account for any kind of world devastation in the year 2012? Of course this also has to do with cycles. The average global temperature and its cycling over the past 750,000 years is based primarily on the quantitative measurements of certain compounds in ice core samples. These measurements are substantiated by the existence of all things, cycles.
For example, day-night temperature cycling can be explained by the 1-day cycle for the earth's rotation on its axis. The 11-year and 206-year temperature cycles are substantiated by the solar variability and sunspot activity cycles. The observed 21,000-year temperature cycle is substantiated by the precession of the equinoxes or the combined effects of the earth's tilt and it's elliptical orbit around the sun.
The 41,000-year temperature cycle can be explained by the cycle for the wobbling of the earth's axis (plus or minus 1.5 degrees tilt) relative to its orbit around the sun. Finally, the observed 100,000-year temperature cycle which corresponds to the ice ages can be accounted for by the cycle of eccentricity, or variations in the shape of the earth's elliptical orbit around the sun.
Atmospheric Gases
The famous Keeling curve illustrates the annual increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) since 1958. The measurements are so accurate that even the seasonal decreases in total CO2 caused by its uptake by new plant growth each spring and summer in the northern hemisphere is readily detected. This seasonal variation in atmospheric CO2 represents yet another cycle in our natural world.
Interestingly, the amplitude of this seasonal cycle has been fairly regular each year since 1958 while the total atmospheric CO2 has increased from 315 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1958 to 385 ppmv in June of 2008. This increase has been attributed primarily to the burning of fossil fuels by people. While some pre-industrial periods in the earth's history had even higher atmospheric CO2 levels, the effects of anthropogenic CO2, chlorofluorocarbons, other contaminants, and the depletion of oxygen on the complex chemistry and physics of the atmosphere are unknown.
Nuclear Chain Reactions
Some nuclear scientists involved with the Manhattan Project considered the possibility that their first atomic blast might ignite a chain reaction in the atmosphere. Their studies concluded that the process was not impossible but extremely unlikely. However, is it possible that anthropogenic changes to the atmosphere might provide some catalyst for its ignition by one of today's much more powerful nuclear blasts?
Fuel-Burning Machines
The late American writer Lewis Mumford said: "The cycle of the machine is now coming to an end. Man has learned much in the hard discipline and the shrewd, unflinching grasp of practical possibilities that the machine has provided in the last three centuries: but we can no more continue to live in the world of the machine than we could live successfully on the barren surface of the moon."
If a likely source for world-wide catastrophe in the year 2012 must be chosen, it would seem that the potential for a man-made environmental crisis due to pollution of the land, fresh water, oceans, and the atmosphere represents the most likely doomsday scenario.
Prevention of Cataclysmic Events
Fortunately, unlike mega-volcanoes, earthquakes, sunspots, astronomical bodies slamming into the earth, or the catastrophic predictions based on ancient calendars, religions, or folklore, environmental pollution is a problem that can be prevented. We can actually preserve our beautiful green planet and prevent it from becoming a barren lunar landscape. Hopefully, we'll all be celebrating the beginning and end of just another cycle in 2012.
Sources
James Hershberg (1993), James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age. 948 pp.
C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf (October 2004). "Atmospheric CO2 from Continuous Air Samples at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, U.S.A.".
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
Ice Core Studies Prove CO2 Is Not the Powerful Climate Driver Climate Alarmists Make It Out to Be; CO2 Science
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